Martim Penim, Ricardo Ribeiro Pereira, Jacopo Bono, Hugo Ferreira, Mário A. T. Figueiredo, Pedro Bizarro

Causal discovery methods have shown strong performance in temporal systems, but they typically rely on regular and discrete lag structures, limiting their applicability to regularly sampled data. However, many real-world tasks require dealing with irregularly sampled streams of events, such as sensor streams, healthcare data, and financial transactions. In this work, we propose an extension of PCMCI+, a state-of-the-art method for causal discovery on regular multivariate time series, to allow for handling irregular time series. Instead of modelling causal relations through fixed-lag dependencies, our method aggregates causal influence over predefined temporal windows. We evaluate our method on synthetic irregular event streams with known causal structures under different signal-to-noise ratios, showing that it consistently recovers the underlying causal graph and substantially outperforms the standard PCMCI+ on irregularly sampled data.