Athavale, A.; Subramaniam, A.; Hussain, A.; Rani, I.; Rathore, D. K.; Upadhyay, S. K.; Pandey, A. K.; Malik, P. K.; Awasthi, A.; Rai, R. C.

Purpose: This study focuses on evaluating the immune responses, specifically levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies against five distinct Salmonella Typhi antigens (Vi polysaccharide, H-protein, Lipopolysaccharide, Hemolysin E, and OMP) in the plasma samples collected from participants 3 months after typhoid. We also examined if the anti-Vi polysaccharide antibodies present in the typhoid-recovered participants\' plasma had an activating effect on NK cells isolated from healthy individuals. Methods: ELISA was used to measure the antibody responses to the five S. Typhi antigens in plasma samples from typhoid-recovered individuals and healthy participants. Vi polysaccharide specific plasma antibodies were tested for activation of the NK cells isolated from the healthy participants. Results: Polysaccharide antigens mounted better IgA responses among typhoid recovered individuals as compared to healthy individuals. Anti-S. Typhi IgM was significantly elevated in the typhoid group for all five antigens (p<0.05). No significant differences were seen in IgG responses. Notably, healthy participants also exhibited considerable levels of antibodies to all the antigens, indicating background seroreactivity. Conclusion: Polysaccharide antigens elicited significantly better IgA responses in recovered typhoid participants, possibly reflecting mucosal immune priming from the gut. Presence of IgM antibodies in recovered participants suggest a durable IgM response after Typhoid. Similar levels of IgG in both the groups may indicate waning IgG levels towards the baseline post-infection. These findings highlight the complexity of the immune response against S. Typhi in endemic settings.