Jiani, V.; Biswas, A.; Ray, S.

Functional connectivity (FC) is a statistical measure that reflects the degree of phase consistency between two signals and provides insights about potential interactions between two brain regions. Previous studies have reported conflicting results on the effect of meditation on FC, with some showing enhancement while others reporting suppression of FC. However, even though meditation increases power over a broad frequency range between 15-200 Hz and beyond, most FC studies have reported changes over fixed and narrow frequency bands below 50 Hz. Further, meditation-induced changes in power spectral density (PSD) and FC have never been compared with changes with other factors such as age, gender and stimulus. We recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) from open-eyed meditators (N=35) and their gender- and age-matched controls (N=36) and found that meditation was associated with a "state" decrease in FC across a broad frequency range (15-200 Hz), while PSD showed both "trait" and "state" enhancement. Furthermore, visual gratings, which are known to enhance narrow-band gamma power, led to reduced gamma FC in both meditators and controls. We also compared the effect of aging and gender on a different dataset of healthy middle-aged (N=78) and elderly (N=89) participants and found differences in distinct frequency bands that were limited to a narrow range. We also found that often-used average referencing heavily distorted the FC and gave uninterpretable results. Overall, our results suggest distinct neural mechanisms underlying healthy aging, vision, and meditation and further recommend caution while using average referencing to study phase-based metrics.