Li, E. J.; Lammers, S.; Ge, Y.; McDonald, S.; Geagan, M.; Scheuermann, J.; Pantel, A. R.; Noel, P. B.; Karp, J. S.

Purpose: In this work, we aimed to establish a flow phantom for multi-modal PET and spectral CT imaging to improve blood flow quantification. Methods: A modular flow phantom was built with materials compatible with both PET and spectral CT. A peristaltic pump was used to allow for recirculation. Pores were installed through the aorta to allow for tissue exchange between the blood and tissue compartments, and valves were placed in line with the aorta to control the pressure gradient between compartments. We characterized the system using saline bolus experiments, dynamic PET imaging, and iodine-based spectral CT acquisitions. A blood flow (K1) of 1.0 mL/min/mL with a pressure range of approximately 1.0-3.0 psi was targeted. Using compartmental modeling, we estimate K1 across phantom configurations and evaluate the consistency of perfusion-related parameters derived from saline, PET, and spectral CT measurements. Results: With the four pore, two valve configuration, target K1 of 1.0 mL/min/mL was achieved with a physiologic pressure range (2.2-3.5 psi) and a pump speed of 150 rpm. Further, the flow phantom was also able to recapitulate K1 across a range of values through adjustable modifications to the phantom configuration. Conclusions: We present a modular multimodal flow phantom with a tissue-mimicking compartment, vascular tubing with an adjustable number of pores and valves, and 3D-printed components to support tunable exchange between blood-pool and tissue compartments and controlled dynamic perfusion imaging with same-session PET and spectral CT. Such a setup will enable the development of multi-modal approaches for evaluating tissue perfusion.