Zhi-Chao Zhao, Sai Wang, Qing-Hua Zhu, Xin Zhang

In light of recent interpretations attributing pulsar timing array (PTA) signal to second-order gravitational waves induced by linear cosmological curvature perturbations in the early universe, the overproduction of primordial black holes (PBHs) poses a theoretical tension. In this work, we address this issue through extending such a scalar-induced gravitational wave (SIGW) framework to include third-order gravitational waves, which allow for a substantial enhancement in the spectral amplitude of SIGWs. Analyzing a combined dataset from cosmic microwave background and baryon acoustic oscillations, we derive cosmological constraints on the physical energy-density fraction of cosmological gravitational waves. Further incorporating PTA data, we obtain constraints on the spectral amplitude and peak frequency of SIGWs. Our results indicate that the parameter region favored by the data combination can to some extent alleviate the PBH overproduction problem, thereby supporting the theoretical consistency of our model. Furthermore, we demonstrate the robustness of our SIGW interpretation for the PTA signal by extending the analysis to include a gravitational wave background from supermassive black hole binaries. These findings are poised for further scrutiny with future high-precision observations.