Cueto Fernandez, J.; van de Steeg-Henzen, C.; Schouten, A. C.; Seth, A.; van der Kruk, E.

Musculoskeletal models are widely used to study human movement, investigate musculoskeletal disorders and evaluate athletic performance. The accuracy of these models depends primarily on representing subject-specific skeletal geometry, which determines joint definitions and muscle paths. Subject-specific models can be derived from medical imaging, however the task remains labour-intensive with numerous subjective decisions, which limits their reproducibility and use in large-scale studies. Automated methods that preserve anatomical model topology while adapting models to individual bone geometries are therefore needed. Here, we develop and demonstrate a landmark-based morphing framework, MSK-Morph, to systematically transform the topology of musculoskeletal models into subject-specific models based on bone geometry derived from medical imaging. MSK-Morph introduces an anatomical landmark defined musculoskeletal model that embeds segment and joint definitions, and muscle paths, and uses them to systematically and reproducibly morph the model to target bone geometries. MSK-Morph automatically updates the joint definitions and muscle paths to reflect inter-individual skeletal variation while maintaining the structural topology of the original model. MSK-Morph produces landmark-defined musculoskeletal models that remain compatible with existing simulation workflows. By enabling rapid generation of models with subject-specific skeletal geometry, this framework facilitates large-scale musculoskeletal modelling and the development of more diverse generic model libraries.