Hranova, S.; Kiebel, S.; Smolka, M. N.; Schwöbel, S.

Humans have a remarkable ability to act efficiently and accurately in familiar situations while remaining flexible in novel circumstances. Nonparametric contextual inference has been proposed as a computational principle that can model how agents achieve flexible yet stable behaviour in dynamic and possibly unknown environments. However, it remains an open question how humans learn, deploy and reuse stable contextual task representations so efficiently. To address this question, we propose the nonparametric Bayesian Contextual Control (NP-BCC) model, which integrates nonparametric contextual learning with two well-established cognitive mechanisms: repetition-based automatisation and schema-like prior knowledge. These two mechanisms are assumed to support behavioural stability and facilitate novel task acquisition. Simulations in dynamic multi-armed bandit tasks of increasing difficulty illustrate how the NP-BCC can acquire and reuse contextual task representations, with the proposed mechanisms operating in the intended, functionally meaningful manner. Specifically, we show via simulations that automatisation not only enhances task performance but also stabilizes contextual inference and structure learning, while structured prior knowledge accelerates the acquisition of novel contexts. We discuss the implications of our findings for computational accounts of adaptive behaviour and contextual learning, and outline directions for future empirical work, including investigations of context-dependent behavioural dysregulation relevant to conditions such as substance use disorders.