Hiroto Yanagisawa, Masami Ouchi, Akinori Matsumoto, Masahiro Kawasaki, Kai Murai, Kimihiko Nakajima, Kazunori Kohri, Yuma Sugahara, Kentaro Nagamine, Ichi Tanaka, Ji Hoon Kim, Yoshiaki Ono, Minami Nakane, Keita Fukushima, Yuichi Harikane, Yutaka Hirai, Yuki Isobe, Haruka Kusakabe, Masato Onodera, Michael Rauch, Hidenobu Yajima

We present a new constraint on the primordial helium abundance, $Y_\mathrm{P}$, based on Subaru observations. A major source of uncertainty in previous $Y_\mathrm{P}$ determinations is the lack of extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs; $0.01-0.1Z_\odot$), which have metallicities a few to ten times lower than the metal-poor galaxies (MPGs; $0.1-0.4Z_\odot$) predominantly used in earlier studies, requiring substantial extrapolation to zero metallicity. Here, we perform Subaru near-infrared spectroscopy of 29 galaxies, including 14 EMPGs. By incorporating existing optical spectra, we derive He/H for each galaxy using photoionization modeling of helium and hydrogen emission lines, including the He I 10830 {\AA} line to break the density-temperature degeneracy. After carefully selecting galaxies with robust He/H determinations, and adding 58 galaxies from previous studies, we obtain $Y_\mathrm{P} = 0.2387^{+0.0036}_{-0.0031}$. This $Y_\mathrm{P}$ value is $\sim1\sigma$ lower than most of the previous estimates, but agrees with recent determinations using EMPGs and the CMB constraint from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) experiment. Our result indicates $N_\mathrm{eff} = 2.54^{+0.21}_{-0.20}$, showing a mild ($1-2\sigma$) tension with the Standard Model and Planck results. These tensions may suggest a nonzero lepton asymmetry, which would be alleviated with $\xi_\mathrm{e} = 0.05^{+0.02}_{-0.02}$. More observations of EMPGs and further assessments of systematic uncertainties are essential to test the potential tension more rigorously.