Joglekar, M. M.; Nizamoglu, M.; Morrison, M. C.; Hanemaaijer, R.; Koster, T.; Sjollema, K.; Borghuis, T.; Zwager, M. C.; Heijink, I. H.; Pouwels, S. D.; Melgert, B. N.; Gavara, N.; Burgess, J. K.

Collagens are key components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that play a crucial role in maintaining structure, strength, and function of the lungs. Fibrillar collagens are crosslinked by enzymes such as lysyl oxidases and transglutaminases and organized into networks by proteoglycans and glycoproteins. Collagens are the main load-bearing components and along with elastin may impart a non-linear strain hardening behavior to the lung. In disease, collagen crosslinking and organization can be disrupted, possibly due to abnormal levels of enzymes or ECM components. Few studies have examined collagen crosslinking and organization in healthy and diseased human lungs. In this study, alterations in collagen crosslinking and organization were investigated in human lung control, fibrotic and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) tissue sections. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and second harmonic generation microscopy measured pyridinoline crosslinks and the distribution of mature and immature collagens within the decellularized scaffolds, respectively. Fibrotic scaffolds had higher total collagen but less crosslinking per mole of collagen compared with COPD donors. Image analysis by second harmonic generation microscopy showed mature collagens populated airway or blood vessel walls in all three groups and in the parenchyma of fibrotic scaffolds. Immature collagens, on the other hand, were mainly localized to parenchymal regions in control and COPD scaffolds, with fewer immature collagens in fibrotic parenchyma. Additionally, quantification of the mature to immature collagen ratio in defined regions of control and diseased scaffolds showed increased organized collagen in fibrotic tissue. Our study shows that collagen crosslinking and organization are disrupted in fibrotic and COPD lungs and these changes may be compartment specific and can contribute to aberrant mechanical properties of diseased lungs. Our findings highlight that along with total collagen content, collagen crosslinking and organization are equally important while investigating collagen-mediated pathological changes in lung tissue. These changes may have implications for developing ECM-based therapeutics for patients with lung diseases.