Rowe, J. C.; Ng, Y. M.; Simmons, M.; Paul, M.; Sundaramoorthy, R.; Hughes, D. J.; Swatek, K. N.

The suppression of type I interferon (IFN) signalling by the ISG15-USP18-STAT2 inhibitory complex (ISG15 IC) is an established regulatory mechanism of the antiviral response. However, a molecular understanding of how the ISG15 IC forms to suppress IFN signalling is still emerging. Here, we use AlphaFold modelling in conjunction with biochemical and biophysical approaches to elucidate the interactions of this multiprotein assembly. Our analysis identified a unique STAT2 binding loop (SBL) in USP18, which is critical for the USP18-STAT2 association. Further biochemical characterisation through site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the importance of residues within and surrounding the SBL, enabling the design of mutants with both increased and decreased binding affinities. Moreover, several USP18 and STAT2 patient mutations severely disrupted this interaction. Lastly, using influenza B virus (IBV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) proteins, we investigated the influence of these viral effector proteins on these interactions. Taken together, these results provide much-needed insights into a key aspect of IFN signalling control.